Heineman, Kenneth J. Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era. New York: NYU Press, 1994.

Summary
Kenneth Heineman’s Campus Wars looks at the impact of the anti-Vietnam War protests on college campuses and their lasting impact. He argues, contrary to popular myth, that the protests did not end the war. Yet, he also argues that “student, faculty, and campus-based clergy protestors successfully limited the intellectual and political authority of university administrators,” by reforming the curriculum removing restrictions (in loco parentis) and securing academic freedom. (2) He also contends that the sixties provoked a political backlash amongst working class whites that led to the election of both Nixon and Reagan. Heineman is also responding to scholarship (see footnote 6, introduction which includes both Rorabaugh and Miller) that has largely focused on elite universities. However, Heineman argues, it is at the “academically average” state university where the real campus action of the 1960s and 1970s was to be found. The focus of this book is thus on those universities: Kent State, SUNY Buffalo, Michigan State University, and Penn State, which Heineman believes are a better mirror onto 1960s society (prowar and apathetic) and shed light on the key role play by state university students (Penn State-Carl Davidson, VP of SDS in 1966). The key themes that Heineman studies include: the growing dependence of state universities on federal-military funding and its effect on their educational missions; the cultural and political values of university administrators; and the relationship between community and the university (e.g. conservative Kent and Kent State). Heineman’s book also looks at the ideological, class, and cultural differences within activists groups and how it limited cooperation (E.g. clergy activists v. Marxist inspired)